For instance, while nearly one in five women work in business, only one in 10 men do. There are also significantly more Latino women in the field of education 16 per cent , with numerous nationalities represented — Nicaraguans, Peruvians, Chileans, Colombians, Costa Ricans, Brazilians, Argentinians and Bolivians.
Only eight per cent of men work in this field, particularly Salvadorian, Chileans and Cubans. Read more: New teachers face complex cultural challenges — the stories of 3 Latina teachers in their toughest moments.
Time spent or having been born in Canada also shapes where Latinos work. Among men, Salvadorians, Venezuelans, Chileans and Cubans who have been in Canada between five and 14 years often work in fields that require more education. Among immigrant women, the more years spent in Canada, the more likely they were to work in fields that required more education.
The views expressed here are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the CRDCN or its partners. Baglay, Sasha.
Journal of International Migration and Integration , 13 1 , Basok, Tanya. International Migration 38 2 : Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 9 : Bloemraad, Irene. Social Forces 85 2 : Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Available online. Refugee Claimants by Top 50 Countries of Citizenship, Dataset Updated May 3, Dataset 3.
Escalante, Sebastian. Barbara J Messamore. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. Ferrer, Ana M. Craig Riddell. International Migration Review 48 3 : Trabajadores mexicanos en la agricultura de Quebec. Foster, Jason. Just Labour Gilbert, Liette. Ruben Zaiotti. London: Routledge. Giorguli-Saucedo, Silvia E. Goldring, Luin. Temporary Worker Programs as Precarious Status. Griffith, Andrew. Migration Information Source , October 31, Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada.
Updated April 18, Updated March 12, Updated January 18, Jackson, Emily. Financial Post , December 29, Mueller, Richard E. Migraciones Internacionales 3 1 : Preibisch, Kerry. International Migration Review 44 2 : Moreover, the age-earnings profile of Canadian males, both high school and university graduates, deteriorated during the last quarter of the twentieth century, which might also affect labor-market assimilation Beaudry and Green, Mexico has allowed dual citizenship since , and so one small positive development for assimilation is the number of Mexicans acquiring Canadian citizenship.
Because Mexican migratory flows are fairly new and there is a long waiting period to acquire citizenship, the number of Mexicans granted Canadian citizenship is still not high: In , only 1, individuals naturalized Migration Policy Institute, no date. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research.
Mexicans, arriving in greater numbers as immigrants, temporary workers, students, and even refugees, have become increasingly important in Canada. Still, little is known about this group, aside from the fact that there are more Mexicans in Canada today than ever before, and that this group has been growing at a rapid rate. This demographic change is likely the result of both the returning Mennonite population and the provisions of the NAFTA, which make entry into Canada less burdensome for Mexican nationals.
The recent literature on immigration to Canada indicates that it will be difficult for these groups to succeed economically in the Canadian labor market. Unfortunately much of what we can infer from this published research is speculative in regard to Mexicans since most of this research does not disaggregate immigrants by country of origin. As such, it is almost impossible to determine how Mexicans are doing economically in Canada, especially given the diversity of the Mexican immigrant population, which ranges from highly skilled professionals to low-skilled workers.
It is expected that the recent increase in Mexicans coming into Canada will continue for several reasons. As the ranks of Mexican immigrants swell, migrant networks will form and consolidate, providing a demonstration effect and facilitating the flow of information back to Mexico about Canada as an alternative destination to the United States. Canada is facing demographic changes, including a skills shortage and the retirement of the baby boomers Baklid, The shortage will particularly occur among low-skilled workers, which could put pressure on policymakers to expand programs such as the SAWP into areas beyond agriculture Burstein and Biles, Although the number of Mexicans desiring to migrate is expected to decrease m the longer term, as birth rates in Mexico fall and the Mexican economy improves and offers better employment opportunities to its citizens Martin, , over the near term, the potential for migration growth to Canada continues.
This underscores the main point of this article: Little is known about this increasingly important group of migrants and this gap in our collective knowledge that should be closed.
Directions for future research include:. How does this group compare to Other immigrants in terms of the main indicators for labor-market performance: age at arrival, education, language ability in English or French , labor-market experience, and so forth?
Is credential recognition, as well as Other barriers to the Canadian labor market, a problem for Mexicans as it is for immigrants in general? What is their likelihood of remaining in the country following graduation? Why is the proportion of successful refugee claims so low for Mexico compared to the success rates from Other source countries?
Some of the data necessary to answer these questions do exist, but as noted above, they generally have not been exploited by researchers: CIC provides special tabulations to researchers, and every five years, Statistics Canada releases census microdata with detailed information on the foreign-born population in Canada.
Statistics Canada conducts numerous Other surveys that may be useful as well. The rapid increase in the number of Mexicans residing both permanently and temporarily in Canada is likely to increase over the next few years.
Despite the relative importance of one of Canada's newest groups of immigrants, we understand very little about these migrants and how they are assimilating into the Canadian labor market. It is hoped that this article will inspire more research regarding this large and disparate group of immigrants to Canada. Abbott, Michael G. Beach, Alan G. Green, and Jeffrey CL Reitz eds. Akbari, Ather H. Beach, Charles M. Green, and Jeffrey G. Reitz eds.
Beaudry Paul, and David A. Bloom, David E. Available at migration. DeVoretz, Don J. Available on the "Publications" page at www. Messamore ed. Grant, Mary L. Green, David A. Jachimowicz, Maia, and Deborah W.
Kazemipur, Abdolmohammad, and Shiva S. Meyers, Deborah W. Papademetriou, Demetrios G. Reitz, Jeffrey G. Simmons ed. I would like to thank the many conference participants for a helpful discussion as well as the two anonymous referees for their useful comments. It is akin to the U. Business visitors are involved in international commercial activities and need to visit Canada to Fulfill their duties.
These individuals do not enter the Canadian labor market and they receive their compensation from outside of Canada. Both issues will be discussed below. Although the immigration of Latin Americans to Canada is relatively new compared to other groups, it has increased significantly in the past few decades.
According to the Canadian official statistics, in , around , people were reporting Latin American origins; later modifications adjusted the number to , However, there are many issues related to the way the population is measured that raise doubts about the official data.
First of all, self-identification methods pose a unique challenge for the measurement of the Latin American population. The Survey on Canadian Latin Americans Armony , 21 demonstrated that while other groups focus more on religious backgrounds, Latino communities in Canada tend to define themselves based on ancestry, language and place of origin.
Even though scholars agree that self-identification is a crucial tool to avoid assuming fixed identities, it can cause a different kind of bias. In the case of Latinos in Canada, a self-declaration about ethnicity could result in a pattern of racialized Latin Americans declaring themselves as having a Latin origin while white descendants do not.
The categories used in the Canadian census are another significative issue for the Latino community. The main problem is the confusion between the concepts of race and ethnicity. Despite not making any direct reference to race, it is implied that the question is treating the Latin American origin as a racial category. However, if someone reports being Latin American and white, he or she will not be counted as Latin American for the visible minority variable.
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