Statistical analysis can reveal a great deal. So choose a code that is secure even when the algorithm being used is known. Some questions: There are more hiragana than there are English letters.
Does this make the cipher harder? What about the frequencies of Japanese syllables? If they are all equally timed, perhaps they are evenly distributed as well? Answers: There are more hiragana than there English letters. No not once we know to substitute 2 characters for 1. The next step is the statistical analysis; the code will only be harder if the statistical properties of hiragana really ARE different from those of an alphabet.
An even distributionwould be the hardest to decode, just as our polygraphic cipher was hard. Here is a table of Japanese hiragana frequencies. Of course what we are interested in is not the frequencies of hiragana in Japanese text as it is usually written which would be the frequencies of grammatical formatives syllables and function word syllables , but the frequencies of the hiragana characters for text that is ALL translated into hiragana which should roughly spproximate the frequencies of Japanese syllables in speech.
The table was constructed using the following steps. The above news articles were translated into hiragana. This is here. This requires a dictionary and morphological analyzer. The morphological analyzer used was juman , which contains the necessary kanji dictionary.
Statistics were compiled counting individual hiragana characters. The numbers generally show that hiragana frequencies are "bumpy".
RThat is, there is quite avariation in frequency from most frequent to least frequent. But how comparable is this the case of English letters? We need a measure of how "bumpy" a probability distribution is. WE hereby introduce the concept of entropy. Entropy is a measure of the average amount of surprise in a probability distribution.
If the probability distribution characterizes a set of signals in some channel such as English letters in English texts , it measures how easy it is to predict the signals.
The higher the entropy the harder it is to predict. High entropy means high average surprise, which means low predictablility. Leave me a comment in the box below. Facebook Twitter. Enjoy this page? Please tell others about it. Here's how Would you prefer to share this page with others by linking to it? Click on the HTML link code below. Copy and paste it, adding a note of your own, into your blog, a Web page, forums, a blog comment, your Facebook account, or anywhere that someone would find this page valuable.
Learn Japanese Free. Learn Japanese Software. Electronic Dictionaries. Learn Japanese FAQ. You can write Japanese characters in two ways. Firstly, they can be in columns going from top to bottom, right to left like in Chinese. Or horizontally from left to right, top to bottom like in English. There are 46 basic characters which all symbolise syllabaries, or 71 including diacritics.
Each sound in the Japanese language corresponds to one character in the syllabary. Students will typically learn hiragana first, before learning katakana and kanji.
To start off with though, it might be helpful to use an app like our very own Hiragana Quest app. It teaches with mnemonics, which make it easier and more fun to memorise each character. Learn more here! You can learn more about Japanese onomatopoeia in our article here. Like hiragana, there are 5 singular vowels, 40 consonant-vowels and 1 singular consonant in katakana.
Foreign names are similarly also written in katakana. If you have a non-Japanese name, you will probably learn how to write your name in katakana first. There are several thousand kanji characters in regular use. All have different meanings and most have more than one pronunciation, depending on context. You must learn and memorise each character along with its readings. But what does make it easier is living and studying in Japan , where you are exposed to Japanese every day.
You will get accustomed to how words are read and used faster than you would learning Japanese in your home country. Learn more about the benefits of learning Japanese through full immersion here.
In Japan you will also see the Roman alphabet used to spell out sounds. All of this can sound a bit overwhelming, especially for beginners. No worries, there are plenty of great resources out there to put you on the right track, from phone applications to books, and even games!
Use this time to learn some Japanese at home!
0コメント